Connecticut Code — 16
Browse 475 sections in division 16 of the Connecticut code. Each section page includes the full statutory text, official source links, and citation guidance.
Sections (showing up to 300)
- § 16-1. Definitions.
- § 16-1a. Reference to Public Utilities Commission deemed to mean Public Utilities Control Authority.
- § 16-1b. Department of Public Utility Control. Department head.
- § 16-2. Public Utilities Regulatory Authority. Utility commissioners. Staff.
- § 16-2a. Office of Consumer Counsel. Office of State Broadband. Consumer Counsel. Staff.
- § 16-2b. Term “Office of Consumer Counsel” deemed to mean Division of Consumer Counsel within the Department of Business Regulation.
- § 16-2c. Division of Adjudication.
- § 16-2d. Office of energy efficient businesses.
- § 16-3. Vacancy.
- § 16-3a. Appointment of initial members. Transfer of business between commission and authority.
- § 16-4. Employees of public service companies, certified telecommunications providers and electric suppliers ineligible to serve on authority or in department.
- § 16-5. Removal.
- § 16-6. Office and records.
- § 16-6a. Participation in proceedings before federal agencies and federal courts. Expenses.
- § 16-6b. Regulations.
- § 16-6c. Power to delay implementation of electric suppliers' generation portfolio standards.
- § 16-7. Right of entry. Penalty.
- § 16-7a. Power to stop work.
- § 16-8. Examination of witnesses and documents. Hearing officers. Management audits.
- § 16-8a. Protection of employee of public service company, person involved in the transportation of gas, contractor or Nuclear Regulatory Commission from retaliation. Procedures. Regulations.
- § 16-8b. Labor disputes at public service companies. Determination of unreasonable profits during dispute. Refunds.
- § 16-8c. Examination of witnesses and documents. Audits. Relationship between public service companies and subsidiaries.
- § 16-8d. Recovery of costs, expenses, judgments or attorney's fees for an action brought under section 16-8a.
- § 16-9. Orders.
- § 16-9a. Party status in proceedings before authority.
- § 16-9b. Commissioner of Energy and Environmental Protection to be party to proceedings before authority.
- § 16-9c. Participation by stakeholder groups in proceedings pertaining to a gas, water, pipeline, electric distribution company or electric supplier. Compensation program. Independent evaluation of program.
- § 16-10. Enforcement of statutes and orders.
- § 16-10a. Revocation of franchises. Procedure. Reassignment.
- § 16-11. Safety of public and employees. Powers.
- § 16-11a. Nuclear Energy Advisory Council; composition; duties.
- § 16-12. Complaints as to dangerous conditions.
- § 16-13. Procedure upon complaint.
- § 16-14. Powers concerning electrolysis or escape of electricity.
- § 16-15. Compliance with orders. Penalty.
- § 16-16. Report of accidents. Penalties.
- § 16-17. Duties as to accidents.
- § 16-18. Powers concerning poles and wires.
- § 16-18a. Consultants: Retention, expenses, findings and recommendations.
- § 16-19. Amendment of rate schedule; investigations and findings by authority; hearings; deferral of municipal rate increases; refunds; notice of application for rate amendment, interim rate amendment and reopening of rate proceeding.
- § 16-19a. Periodic review re gas, electric distribution and water companies' rates, services and performance. Approval of performance-based incentives and penalties.
- § 16-19b. Purchased gas adjustment clauses, energy adjustment clauses and transmission rate adjustment clauses.
- § 16-19c. Investigation of fuel cost adjustment and purchased gas adjustment charges.
- § 16-19d. Advertising not to be deemed an operating expense for purposes of rate-making. Disclosure of source of payment for advertising.
- § 16-19e. Guidelines for transfer of assets and franchises, plant expansion, internal utility management and rate structures. Public hearing. Policy coordination among state agencies. Parties to rate proceeding.
- § 16-19f. Rate design standards for electric public service companies and municipal electric companies. Determination of appropriateness. Implementation. Electric vehicle charging stations.
- § 16-19g. Penalty for failure to report nuclear incident not an operating expense.
- § 16-19h. Reopening of water company rate proceedings.
- § 16-19i. Electric company residential customer service charge indicated on bill.
- § 16-19j. Portion of authority staff to be made party to certain rate proceedings.
- § 16-19k. Costs of educational materials or information on water conservation included as operating costs.
- § 16-19l. l . Authorization of rates that promote water conservation.
- § 16-19x. Phase-in of costs of certain large electric generating facilities.
- § 16-19y. Rate treatment of enhanced 9-1-1 service costs.
- § 16-19z. Rate treatment of land purchased, owned or retained by water companies for water supply protection or future water supply use.
- § 16-19aa. Excess generating capacity. Exclusion of costs associated with. Return on and depreciation of unrecovered investment in generating facilities.
- § 16-19bb. Application or refund of electric distribution company rate moderation funds.
- § 16-19cc. Semiannual reports from nuclear generating facility licensees re maintenance, refueling and shutdown schedules. Penalty for shutdown for a significant period of time.
- § 16-19dd. Conservation and load management programs for agricultural customers.
- § 16-19ee. Reports from electric distribution companies concerning electrical outages affecting at least two hundred fifty customers.
- § 16-19ff. Submetering. Regulations. Application process.
- § 16-19gg. Factors to be considered during a rate proceeding.
- § 16-19hh. Implementation of flexible pricing and rates. Special contracts for electric service. Exemption from competitive transition assessment. Regulations. Gas rates for certain manufacturers.
- § 16-19ii. Use of electric resistance space heating. Differential rates.
- § 16-19jj. Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Settlements.
- § 16-19kk. Finding re conservation and load management programs. Rates of return for conservation and load management programs and programs promoting the state's economic development. Considerations in establishing company's authorized return. Performance-based incentives. Consumer Counsel authorized to retain experts. Regulations.
- § 16-19ll. ll . Submittal of legislation re encouraging conservation and load management programs, etc.
- § 16-19mm. Consideration of external costs and benefits.
- § 16-19nn. Encouragement of specific end uses of electricity and gas.
- § 16-19oo. Approval of rate amendments for conservation and load management programs or programs promoting the state's economic development in proceedings other than rate proceedings. Approval of rate mechanisms to recover costs of natural gas infrastructure expansion plan in contested proceedings.
- § 16-19pp. Uncontested proceedings before the authority. Participating parties.
- § 16-19qq. Outages of nuclear power generating facilities; rate proceedings; rebuttable presumption of imprudent management.
- § 16-19rr. Rates charged by electric distribution companies and electric utilities to veterans' organizations.
- § 16-19ss. Solicitations for the provision of temporary electric generation facilities.
- § 16-19tt. Gas and electric distribution companies' distribution revenue decoupling.
- § 16-19uu. Adjustments to competitive transition assessment with respect to economic recovery revenue bonds.
- § 16-19vv. Public service companies' customer deposits.
- § 16-19ww. Natural gas infrastructure expansion plan. Hurdle rate; rate for new customers added pursuant to the plan; rate mechanism for gas companies to recover prudent investments made pursuant to the plan outside a rate proceeding; assignment of nonfirm margin credit.
- § 16-19xx. Deferral of public service company tax expense increase.
- § 16-19yy. Compensation rate recovery for electric distribution companies, gas companies or water companies.
- § 16-19zz. Interim rate decreases, low-income rates and economic development rates for customers of electric distribution companies.
- § 16-19eee. Definitions.
- § 16-19fff. Electric vehicle charging load projections.
- § 16-19ggg. Public electric vehicle charging stations. Parking restrictions.
- § 16-20. Inadequate service or unreasonable rates; petition to authority. Small community water system rates and service.
- § 16-21. Change of rates fixed pursuant to charter or contract.
- § 16-22. Rates; transfer of assets or franchise; burden of proof.
- § 16-23. Regulations and service prescribed by authority deemed reasonable.
- § 16-24. Classification of service.
- § 16-24a. Low-income discounted rates for electric and gas service.
- § 16-24b. Low-income rates for gas and water companies with more than seventy-five thousand customers.
- § 16-25. Time and place of hearings. Notice.
- § 16-25a. Hearings on Office of Consumer Counsel petitions.
- § 16-26. Public hearing to be held in locality affected.
- § 16-27. Returns from public service companies. Reports from community antenna television companies. Penalty. Form 8-K reports.
- § 16-28. Correction of returns and reports.
- § 16-29. Reports from municipalities.
- § 16-30. Returns from motor bus companies. Penalty.
- § 16-31. Remission of forfeitures by the Attorney General.
- § 16-32. Annual audit report.
- § 16-32a. Filing re procurement practices. Public hearing. Regulations re competitive bidding.
- § 16-32b. Regional water authority or water district to submit annual report.
- § 16-32c. Water company rate adjustments. Application. Notice to customers.
- § 16-32d. Sec
- § 16-32e. Emergency plans to be filed by public service companies, telecommunications companies, voice over Internet protocol service providers and municipal utilities. Hearings. Revisions. Staffing of electric distribution companies' emergency operations centers.
- § 16-32f. Gas company supply and demand forecast reports.
- § 16-32g. Electric wire maintenance plans. Regulations.
- § 16-32h. Performance standards for electric distribution companies and gas companies in emergencies. Emergency response report.
- § 16-32i. Performance review of electric distribution companies and gas companies after emergencies. Hearing. Penalty.
- § 16-32j. Procedures for expedited road clearing after emergencies.
- § 16-32k. Vegetation management practices review. Report.
- § 16-32l. l . Residential customer credits for distribution-system service outage. Recovery of costs. Waiver of requirements.
- § 16-32m. Residential customer compensation for expiration of medicine and food due to distribution-system service outage. Recovery of costs. Waiver of requirements.
- § 16-32n. Cost-benefit analysis concerning resources expended and existing staffing levels during storm events. Minimum staffing levels and acceptable performance standards for electric distribution companies. Penalties.
- § 16-33. Obstructing authority; false entries and returns to; penalty.
- § 16-34. Annual reports to Governor.
- § 16-34a. Annual report re lost and unaccounted for gas. Docket to investigate.
- § 16-35. Appeals to Superior Court. Uncontested proceedings re acquiring electricity products or services. Stays of orders of authority.
- § 16-40. Rights and duties of trustees and receivers.
- § 16-41. Imposition of civil penalties by authority.
- § 16-42. Not to affect labor contracts.
- § 16-43. Merger or sale of public service companies. Issuance and approval of securities. Net proceeds from sale of water company land. Allocation of economic benefits of sale of water company land.
- § 16-43a. Validity of securities issued pursuant to order of authority.
- § 16-43b. Definitions applicable to apportionment of land sales benefits.
- § 16-43c. Sale of water company land to certain municipal corporations for construction of a school.
- § 16-43d. Sale of existing electric generation plants.
- § 16-44. Notice of formation, consolidation or discontinuance of public service companies; change of name. Penalty.
- § 16-44a. Disclosure of salaries of directors and officers of public service companies.
- § 16-45. Increase or reduction of capital stock by public service companies.
- § 16-46. Dissolution or termination of public service company. Cessation of public service operations.
- § 16-47. Holding companies. Approval of authority re exercise of control. Investigation and hearing. Annual reports. Injunctive relief. Exemption.
- § 16-47a. Code of conduct for gas company transactions with affiliates.
- § 16-48. Electricity and gas; transmission between this state and other states.
- § 16-48a. Consumer Counsel and Public Utility Control Fund established.
- § 16-49. Expenses of the Department of Energy and Environmental Protection's Bureau of Energy and Technology, the Office of Consumer Counsel, the Office of Policy and Management and the operations of the Public Utilities Regulatory Authority. Assessment of regulated companies.
- § 16-49d. Applications for sales of water company lands submitted prior to June 25, 1975.
- § 16-49e. Public service company may request identification from person opening an account. Telecommunications company may request identification prior to providing service.
- § 16-49f. Verification of Social Security number prior to opening new account. Minor not liable for services fraudulently obtained using minor's Social Security number.
- § 16-50. Employees. Consultants.
- § 16-50a. Local filing of maps on acquisition of property.
- § 16-50b. Declaration of policy.
- § 16-50c. Notification of intent to dispose of unimproved real property. Approval or disapproval by authority. Hearing.
- § 16-50d. Action to acquire property.
- § 16-50e. Notices to town clerk.
- § 16-50f. Solicitation of insurance applications from employees of public service companies. Payroll deductions.
- § 16-72. Sunday laws not applicable to electric cars or motor buses.
- § 16-181. Sunday trains. Freight. Forfeiture.
- § 16-206. Appeal by adjoining owner.
- § 16-209. Directors to be residents of state.
- § 16-216. Issuance of bonds.
- § 16-217. Securing of bonds by mortgage.
- § 16-218. Property subsequently acquired covered by mortgage; foreclosure.
- § 16-219. Surrender of road to mortgage trustee.
- § 16-220. Liability of trustee limited.
- § 16-221. Inventory.
- § 16-222. Accounts. Trustee may complete foreclosure.
- § 16-223. Court may remove trustee and appoint successor.
- § 16-224. Prior encumbrancers not affected.
- § 16-225. Trustee to have same powers as company.
- § 16-226. Administration expenses.
- § 16-227. Purchasers under foreclosure may reorganize corporation. Certificate.
- § 16-228. Telephone lines.
- § 16-229. Excavation in highway.
- § 16-230. Bond requirement.
- § 16-231. Appeal.
- § 16-231a. Cuts and permanent patches in highway. Inspections. Repairs. Certification.
- § 16-232. Rights of companies organized under general law.
- § 16-233. Use of gain by town, city, borough, fire district or Department of Transportation.
- § 16-234. Conducting vegetation management; notice to abutting and private property owners. Changing location of, erecting or placing wires, conductors, fixtures, structures or apparatus over, on or under any highway or public ground; rights of adjoining proprietors. Objections or requests for modifications. Removal or disposition of debris in utility protection zones. Provision of vegetation management plan to town or borough. Public availability.
- § 16-235. Control by local authorities. Orders. Appeals.
- § 16-236. Appraisal of damages; costs.
- § 16-237. No prescriptive right.
- § 16-238. Wires may be cut; notice.
- § 16-239. Dispatches transmitted in order. Exceptions.
- § 16-243. Jurisdiction of authority over electricity transmission lines.
- § 16-243a. Private power producers. Purchase and sale of electricity. Avoided costs. Small renewable power projects. Interconnectivity standards.
- § 16-243b. Definitions. Jurisdiction.
- § 16-243c. Electricity transmission and distribution services for electric cooperatives utilizing cogeneration technology and renewable energy resources.
- § 16-243d. Project by private power producer deemed “industrial project”.
- § 16-243e. Electric distribution company purchase of electricity generated by municipal resources recovery facilities.
- § 16-243f. Private power providers. Regulations concerning the purchase and sale of electricity.
- § 16-243g. Assignment of electricity purchase agreements.
- § 16-243h. Credit to residential customers who generate electricity; metering.
- § 16-243i. Awards to retail end use electric customers and electric distribution companies re customer-side distributed resources.
- § 16-243j. Long-term financing for customer-side distributed resources and advanced power monitoring and metering equipment.
- § 16-243k. Assessment of customer-side and grid-side distributed resources, effectiveness of award program.
- § 16-243l. l . Rebate for customer-side distributed resource projects that use natural gas.
- § 16-243m. Measures to reduce federally mandated congestion charges.
- § 16-243n. Time-of-use, mandatory peak, shoulder, off-peak and seasonal rates. Optional interruptible or load response rates.
- § 16-243o. Waiver of back-up power rates.
- § 16-243p. Recovery of costs, investments and lost revenues by an electric distribution company.
- § 16-243q. Class III renewable energy portfolio standards.
- § 16-243r. Customer-side distributed resources and grid-side distributed resources. Qualifications for applicability of certain provisions.
- § 16-243s. Awards to electric distribution companies for programs for load curtailment, demand reduction and retrofit conservation.
- § 16-243t. Class III credits.
- § 16-243u. Plan to build peaking generation.
- § 16-243v. Connecticut electric efficiency partner program. Residential furnace or boiler replacement and propane fuel tank purchase program.
- § 16-243w. Advanced metering system plan and deployment.
- § 16-243x. Time-of-use meters. Notice of availability.
- § 16-243y. Microgrid and resilience grant and loan pilot program to support distributed energy generation for critical facilities.
- § 16-243z. Geographic information systems data sharing. Disclosure of locations of medical hardship accounts in emergencies.
- § 16-243aa. Distribution of electricity across a public highway or street by a municipality or state or federal governmental entity.
- § 16-243bb. Adjustment of electric distribution company residential fixed charge.
- § 16-243cc. Energy storage deployment. Report.
- § 16-243dd. Energy storage project proposals.
- § 16-243ee. Electric energy storage resource programs and associated funding mechanisms. Report.
- § 16-243ff. On-bill reconciling mechanism for new electric plant additions.
- § 16-243gg. Costs associated with trade associations, lobbying, legislative action, advertising, marketing and board of director's or officers; travel, lodging or food and business expenses. Recovery of costs by an electric distribution, gas, pipeline or water company prohibited.
- § 16-243hh. Rebate for customers that use natural gas for a shared clean energy facility.
- § 16-244. Electric deregulation; findings and declarations.
- § 16-244a. Rate freeze for electric service.
- § 16-244b. Electric customers to choose electric suppliers. Phase-in of electric deregulation.
- § 16-244c. Standard service. Alternative standard service. Supplier of last resort. Back-up generation service. Participating electric suppliers.
- § 16-244d. Program for distribution of information re electric suppliers. Rate board Internet web site.
- § 16-244e. Ownership or operation of generation assets. Customer bill. Energy storage systems to enhance distribution reliability or resiliency.
- § 16-244f. Divestiture of nonnuclear electric generation facilities. Plan. Approval of sale by authority.
- § 16-244g. Divestiture of nuclear electric generation facilities. Plan. Approval of sale by authority.
- § 16-244h. Code of conduct for electric distribution companies, generation entities or affiliates and electric suppliers. Contents of code. Penalties, damages.
- § 16-244i. Duties of electric distribution companies.
- § 16-244j. Electric transmission lines from Bethel to Norwalk. Moratorium. Working group and comprehensive assessment.
- § 16-244k. Allocation of the proceeds of the retail adder.
- § 16-244l. l . Modification of fuel cell electricity purchase agreements.
- § 16-244m. Procurement Plan re standard service.
- § 16-244n. Standard service contract buydown.
- § 16-244o. Generation evaluation and procurement process.
- § 16-244p. Transmission line project review.
- § 16-244q. Request for proposal re reliability concerns.
- § 16-244r. Long-term contracts re zero emission generation projects. Solicitation of Class I generation projects. Renewable energy credits.
- § 16-244s. Zero emission generation projects solicitation plan. Procurement plan. Noncompliance fee.
- § 16-244t. Power purchase contracts re low-emission generation projects. Renewable energy credits.
- § 16-244u. Virtual net metering.
- § 16-244v. Renewable energy sources generation. Proposals to build, own or operate facilities.
- § 16-244w. Grid-side system enhancements pilot program.
- § 16-244x. Shared clean energy facility pilot program.
- § 16-244y. Fuel cell electricity generation. Soliciation of proposals to aquire new fuel cell electricity generation projects with associated tariffs.
- § 16-244z. Renewable energy tariffs.
- § 16-244aa. Performance-based regulation of electric distribution companies.
- § 16-244bb. Sustainable materials management account.
- § 16-244cc. Energy storage systems pilot program.
- § 16-244dd. Implementation of programs by the Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, the Connecticut Green Bank, electric distribution companies, or a third party. Selection by authority.
- § 16-244ee. Program for solar photovoltaic systems and energy storage systems at public schools.
- § 16-245. Licensing of electric suppliers. Customer assignment or transfer. Procedures. Penalties. Regulation of electric aggregators. Procedures. Penalties.
- § 16-245a. Renewable portfolio standards.
- § 16-245b. Municipalities and regional water authorities acting as electric aggregators; registration with Public Utilities Regulatory Authority.
- § 16-245c. Municipal electric utilities participating in deregulated environment. Authority to provide generation services outside service area.
- § 16-245d. Billing of electric service. Standard format. Contents. Bill inserts and mailings. Electronic bill payment confirmation.
- § 16-245e. Stranded costs of electric distribution companies. Definitions. Calculation by authority. Procedures. Adjustments. Mitigation.
- § 16-245f. Funding of certain disbursements to the General Fund. Funding of stranded costs through rate reduction bonds. Funding of economic recovery transfer through economic recovery revenue bonds. Assessment.
- § 16-245g. Competitive transition assessment. Determination by authority of amount and how applied to electric customers. Duration.
- § 16-245h. Transition property. Surplus competitive transition assessment. Restrictions on use of transition property by electric distribution companies.
- § 16-245i. Financing orders re the economic recovery transfer, the Energy Conservation and Load Management Fund, the Clean Energy Fund and stranded costs.
- § 16-245j. Rate reduction bonds and economic recovery revenue bonds; terms.
- § 16-245k. Security interest in transition property; creation; perfection. Transferring transition property. Duration of authority to issue financing orders.
- § 16-245l. l . Systems benefits charge. Determination by authority of amount and how applied to customers.
- § 16-245m. Energy Conservation Management Board. Conservation and Load Management Plan.
- § 16-245n. Connecticut Green Bank. Charge assessed against electric customers. Clean Energy Fund. Environmental Infrastructure Fund.
- § 16-245o. Use of customer information. Promotional inserts in electric bills prohibited. Standard form re contract terms and conditions. Procedures for entering, renewing and terminating service contracts. Rate increase disclosures. Marketing and advertising disclosures. Penalties. Solicitation standards. Electric suppliers' enrollment of customers who are hardship cases. Generation services rates. Report.
- § 16-245p. Information re electric supplier and electric distribution company to be provided to customers.
- § 16-245q. Changing electric suppliers.
- § 16-245r. Discrimination by electric suppliers prohibited.
- § 16-245s. Switching electric suppliers; procedures; penalties; regulations.
- § 16-245t. Complaints to authority re electric suppliers; procedures; remedies.
- § 16-245u. Unfair and discriminatory conduct and unfair trade practices in electric market prohibited. Investigations.
- § 16-245v. List of displaced electric utility employees to be provided to distribution companies and electric suppliers.
- § 16-245w. Fee to be paid by self-generation facilities in lieu of certain assessments; study by authority.
- § 16-245x. Monitoring and reporting by authority of electric rates of each customer class. Action to minimize rate differential.
- § 16-245y. Annual reporting re status of electric deregulation.
- § 16-245z. Internet links to Energy Star program.
- § 16-245aa. Renewable energy and efficient energy finance program.
- § 16-245bb. Bond authorization.
- § 16-245cc. Demand charge waiver for fuel cells.
- § 16-245dd. Residential electric space heating tariff.
- § 16-245ee. Energy conservation and load management and renewable energy projects in lower income communities. Requirements for approval.
- § 16-245ff. Residential solar investment program.
- § 16-245gg. Master purchase agreement for solar home renewable energy credits.
- § 16-245hh. Condominium renewable energy grant program.
- § 16-245ii. Energy consumption data of nonresidential buildings.
- § 16-245jj. Town customer electricity and gas usage information.
- § 16-245kk. Issuance of bonds, notes and other obligations by the Connecticut Green Bank.
- § 16-245ll. ll . Clean energy bonds.
- § 16-245mm. Special capital reserve funds.
- § 16-245nn. Residential solar photovoltaic system permit.
- § 16-246. Other companies which may sell electricity.
- § 16-246a. Definitions.
- § 16-246e. Procurement and sale by authority of electric power capacity and power output from out-of-state producers. Approval by Governor.
- § 16-246f. Electric company emergency assistance.
- § 16-246g. Pilot program for electric generation.
- § 16-247. Foreign telephone companies.
- § 16-247a. Goals of the state. Definitions.
- § 16-247b. Unbundling of telephone company's network, services and functions. Access to telephone company's telecommunications services, functions and unbundled network elements. Rates for competitive or emerging competitive service. Subsidization prohibited.
- § 16-247c. Provision of intrastate telecommunications services. Civil penalty. Competition.
- § 16-247d. Biennial reports on competition for intrastate interexchange telecommunications service. Plan for implementing competition. General Assembly approval required.
- § 16-247e. Basic telecommunications services. Lifeline and telecommunications relay service programs. Universal service program.
- § 16-247f. Regulation of telecommunication services: Initial classifications, reclassifications, tariffs, exemption from filing tariff.
- § 16-247g. Certificate of public convenience and necessity for intrastate telecommunications services: Application, requirements, suspension, revocation. Fees. Obligation to serve.
- § 16-247h. Use of public right-of-way for provision of intrastate telecommunications service.
- § 16-247i. Telecommunications service and regulation status report.
- § 16-247j. Regulations.
- § 16-247k. Alternative forms of regulation for telephone companies: Plan requirements, monitoring period, modification.
- § 16-247l. l . Access by certified telecommunications providers to occupied buildings: Service, wiring, compensation, regulations, civil penalty.