Michigan Code — Constitution
Browse 262 sections in division Constitution of the Michigan code. Each section page includes the full statutory text, official source links, and citation guidance.
Sections (showing up to 300)
- § Article I § 1. Political power.
- § Article I § 2. Equal protection; discrimination.
- § Article I § 3. Assembly, consultation, instruction, petition.
- § Article I § 4. Freedom of worship and religious belief; appropriations.
- § Article I § 5. Freedom of speech and of press.
- § Article I § 6. Bearing of arms.
- § Article I § 7. Military power subordinate to civil power.
- § Article I § 8. Quartering of soldiers.
- § Article I § 9. Slavery and involuntary servitude.
- § Article I § 10. Attainder; ex post facto laws; impairment of contracts.
- § Article I § 11. Searches and seizures.
- § Article I § 12. Habeas corpus.
- § Article I § 13. Conduct of suits in person or by counsel.
- § Article I § 14. Jury trials.
- § Article I § 15. Double jeopardy; bailable offenses; commencement of trial if bail denied; bail hearing; effective date.
- § Article I § 16. Bail; fines; punishments; detention of witnesses.
- § Article I § 17. Self-incrimination; due process of law; fair treatment at investigations.
- § Article I § 18. Witnesses; competency, religious beliefs.
- § Article I § 19. Libels, truth as defense.
- § Article I § 20. Rights of accused in criminal prosecutions.
- § Article I § 21. Imprisonment for debt.
- § Article I § 22. Treason; definition, evidence.
- § Article I § 23. Enumeration of rights not to deny others.
- § Article I § 24. Rights of crime victims; enforcement; assessment against convicted defendants.
- § Article I § 25. Marriage.
- § Article I § 26. Affirmative action programs.
- § Article I § 27. Human embryo and embryonic stem cell research.
- § Article I § 28. Right to reproductive freedom.
- § Article II § 1. Qualifications of electors; residence.
- § Article II § 2. Mental incompetence; imprisonment.
- § Article II § 3. Presidential electors; residence.
- § Article II § 4. Place and manner of elections.
- § Article II § 5. Time of elections.
- § Article II § 6. Voters on tax limit increases or bond issues.
- § Article II § 7. Boards of canvassers, certification of election results.
- § Article II § 8. Recalls.
- § Article II § 9. Initiative and referendum; limitations; appropriations; petitions.
- § Article II § 10. Limitations on terms of office of members of the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate from Michigan.
- § Article III § 1. Seat of government.
- § Article III § 2. Separation of powers of government.
- § Article III § 3. Great seal.
- § Article III § 4. Militia.
- § Article III § 5. Intergovernmental agreements; service by public officers and employees.
- § Article III § 6. Internal improvements.
- § Article III § 7. Common law and statutes, continuance.
- § Article III § 8. Opinions on constitutionality by supreme court.
- § Article IV § 1. Legislative power.
- § Article IV § 2. Senators, number, term.
- § Article IV § 3. Representatives, number, term; contiguity of districts.
- § Article IV § 6. Independent citizens redistricting commission for state legislative and congressional districts.
- § Article IV § 7. Legislators; qualifications, removal from district.
- § Article IV § 8. Ineligibility of government officers and employees.
- § Article IV § 9. Civil appointments, ineligibility of legislators.
- § Article IV § 10. Legislators and state officers, government contracts, conflict of interest; annual financial disclosure report.
- § Article IV § 11. Legislators privileged from civil arrest and civil process; limitation; questioning for speech in either house prohibited.
- § Article IV § 12. State officers compensation commission.
- § Article IV § 13. Legislature; time of convening, sine die adjournment, measures carried over.
- § Article IV § 14. Quorum; powers of less than quorum.
- § Article IV § 15. Legislative council.
- § Article IV § 16. Legislature; officers, rules of procedure, expulsion of members.
- § Article IV § 17. Committees; record of votes, public inspection, notice of hearings.
- § Article IV § 18. Journal of proceedings; record of votes, dissents.
- § Article IV § 19. Record of votes on elections and advice and consent.
- § Article IV § 20. Open meetings.
- § Article IV § 21. Adjournments, limitations.
- § Article IV § 22. Bills.
- § Article IV § 23. Style of laws.
- § Article IV § 24. Laws; object, title, amendments changing purpose.
- § Article IV § 25. Revision and amendment of laws; title references, publication of entire sections.
- § Article IV § 26. Bills; printing, possession, reading, vote on passage.
- § Article IV § 27. Laws, effective date.
- § Article IV § 28. Bills, subjects at special session.
- § Article IV § 29. Local or special acts.
- § Article IV § 30. Appropriations; local or private purposes.
- § Article IV § 31. General appropriation bills; priority, statement of estimated revenue.
- § Article IV § 32. Laws imposing taxes.
- § Article IV § 33. Bills passed; approval by governor or veto, reconsideration by legislature.
- § Article IV § 34. Bills, referendum.
- § Article IV § 35. Publication and distribution of laws and judicial decisions.
- § Article IV § 36. General revision of laws; compilation of laws.
- § Article IV § 37. Administrative rules, suspension by legislative committee.
- § Article IV § 38. Vacancies in office.
- § Article IV § 39. Continuity of government in emergencies.
- § Article IV § 40. Alcoholic beverages; age requirement; liquor control commission; excise tax; local option.
- § Article IV § 41. Lotteries.
- § Article IV § 42. Ports and port districts; incorporation, internal.
- § Article IV § 43. Bank and trust company laws.
- § Article IV § 44. Trial by jury in civil cases.
- § Article IV § 45. Indeterminate sentences.
- § Article IV § 46. Death penalty.
- § Article IV § 47. Chaplains in state institutions.
- § Article IV § 48. Disputes concerning public employees.
- § Article IV § 49. Hours and conditions of employment.
- § Article IV § 50. Atomic and new forms of energy.
- § Article IV § 51. Public health and general welfare.
- § Article IV § 52. Natural resources; conservation, pollution, impairment, destruction.
- § Article IV § 53. Auditor general; appointment, qualifications, term, removal, post audits.
- § Article IV § 54. Limitations on terms of office of state legislators.
- § Article V § 1. Executive power.
- § Article V § 2. Principal departments.
- § Article V § 3. Single heads of departments; appointment, term.
- § Article V § 4. Commissions or agencies for less than 2 years.
- § Article V § 5. Examining or licensing board members, qualifications.
- § Article V § 6. Advice and consent to appointments.
- § Article V § 7. Vacancies in office; filling, senatorial disapproval of appointees.
- § Article V § 8. Principal departments, supervision of governor; information from state officers.
- § Article V § 9. Principal departments, location.
- § Article V § 10. Removal or suspension of officers; grounds, report.
- § Article V § 11. Provisional appointments to fill vacancies due to suspension.
- § Article V § 12. Military powers.
- § Article V § 13. Elections to fill vacancies in legislature.
- § Article V § 14. Reprieves, commutations and pardons.
- § Article V § 15. Extra sessions of legislature.
- § Article V § 16. Legislature other than at seat of government.
- § Article V § 17. Messages and recommendations to legislature.
- § Article V § 18. Budget; general and deficiency appropriation bills.
- § Article V § 19. Disapproval of items in appropriation bills.
- § Article V § 20. Reductions in expenditures.
- § Article V § 21. State elective executive officers; term, election.
- § Article V § 22. Governor and lieutenant governor, qualifications.
- § Article V § 23. State elective executive officers, compensation.
- § Article V § 24. Executive residence.
- § Article V § 25. Lieutenant governor; president of senate, tie vote, duties.
- § Article V § 26. Succession to governorship.
- § Article V § 27. Salary of successor.
- § Article V § 28. State transportation commission; establishment; purpose; appointment, qualifications, and terms of members; director of state transportation department.
- § Article V § 29. Civil rights commission; members, term, duties, appropriation.
- § Article V § 30. Limitations on terms of executive officers.
- § Article VI § 1. Judicial power in court of justice; divisions.
- § Article VI § 2. Justices of the supreme court; number, term, nomination, election.
- § Article VI § 3. Chief justice; court administrator; other assistants.
- § Article VI § 4. General superintending control over courts; writs; appellate jurisdiction.
- § Article VI § 5. Court rules; distinctions between law and equity; master in chancery.
- § Article VI § 6. Decisions and dissents; writing, contents.
- § Article VI § 7. Staff; budget; salaries of justices; fees.
- § Article VI § 8. Court of appeals; election of judges, divisions.
- § Article VI § 9. Judges of court of appeals, terms.
- § Article VI § 10. Jurisdiction, practice and procedure of court of appeals.
- § Article VI § 11. Circuit courts; judicial circuits, sessions, number of judges.
- § Article VI § 12. Circuit judges; nomination, election, term.
- § Article VI § 13. Circuit courts; jurisdiction, writs, supervisory control over inferior courts.
- § Article VI § 14. County clerks; duties, vacancies; prosecuting attorneys, vacancies.
- § Article VI § 15. Probate courts; districts, jurisdiction.
- § Article VI § 16. Probate judges; nomination, election, terms.
- § Article VI § 17. Judicial salaries and fees.
- § Article VI § 18. Salaries; uniformity, changes during term.
- § Article VI § 19. Courts of record; seal, qualifications of judges.
- § Article VI § 20. Removal of domicile of judge.
- § Article VI § 21. Ineligibility for other office.
- § Article VI § 22. Incumbent judges, affidavit of candidacy.
- § Article VI § 23. Judicial vacancies, filling; appointee, term; successor; new offices.
- § Article VI § 24. Incumbent judges, ballot designation.
- § Article VI § 25. Removal of judges from office.
- § Article VI § 26. Circuit court commissioners and justices of the peace, abolition; courts of limited jurisdiction.
- § Article VI § 27. Power of appointment to public office.
- § Article VI § 28. Administrative action, review.
- § Article VI § 29. Conservators of the peace.
- § Article VI § 30. Judicial tenure commission; selection; terms; duties; power of supreme court.
- § Article VII § 1. Counties; corporate character, powers and immunities.
- § Article VII § 2. County charters.
- § Article VII § 3. Reduction of size of county.
- § Article VII § 4. County officers; terms, combination.
- § Article VII § 5. Offices at county seat.
- § Article VII § 6. Sheriffs; security, responsibility for acts, ineligibility for other office.
- § Article VII § 7. Boards of supervisors; members.
- § Article VII § 8. Legislative, administrative, and other powers and duties of boards.
- § Article VII § 9. Compensation of county officers.
- § Article VII § 10. Removal of county seat.
- § Article VII § 11. Indebtedness, limitation.
- § Article VII § 12. Navigable streams, permission to bridge or dam.
- § Article VII § 13. Consolidation of counties, approval by electors.
- § Article VII § 14. Organization and consolidation of townships.
- § Article VII § 15. County intervention in public utility service and rate proceedings.
- § Article VII § 16. Highways, bridges, culverts, airports; road tax limitation.
- § Article VII § 17. Townships; corporate character, powers and immunities.
- § Article VII § 18. Township officers; term, powers and duties.
- § Article VII § 19. Township public utility franchises.
- § Article VII § 20. Townships, dissolution; villages as cities.
- § Article VII § 21. Cities and villages; incorporation, taxes, indebtedness.
- § Article VII § 22. Charters, resolutions, ordinances; enumeration of powers.
- § Article VII § 23. Parks, boulevards, cemeteries, hospitals.
- § Article VII § 24. Public service facilities.
- § Article VII § 25. Public utilities; acquisition, franchises, sale.
- § Article VII § 26. Cities and villages, loan of credit.
- § Article VII § 27. Metropolitan governments and authorities.
- § Article VII § 28. Governmental functions and powers; joint administration, costs and credits, transfers.
- § Article VII § 29. Highways, streets, alleys, public places; control, use by public utilities.
- § Article VII § 30. Franchises and licenses, duration.
- § Article VII § 31. Vacation or alteration of roads, streets, alleys, public places.
- § Article VII § 32. Budgets, public hearing.
- § Article VII § 33. Removal of elected officers.
- § Article VII § 34. Construction of constitution and law concerning counties, townships, cities, villages.
- § Article VIII § 1. Encouragement of education.
- § Article VIII § 2. Free public elementary and secondary schools; discrimination.
- § Article VIII § 3. State board of education; duties.
- § Article VIII § 4. Higher education institutions; appropriations, accounting, public sessions of boards.
- § Article VIII § 5. University of Michigan, Michigan State University, Wayne State University; controlling boards.
- § Article VIII § 6. Other institutions of higher education, controlling boards.
- § Article VIII § 7. Community and junior colleges; state board, members, terms, vacancies.
- § Article VIII § 8. Services for disabled persons.
- § Article VIII § 9. Public libraries, fines.
- § Article IX § 1. Taxes for state expenses.
- § Article IX § 2. Power of taxation, relinquishment.
- § Article IX § 3. Property taxation; uniformity; assessments; limitations; classes; approval of legislature.
- § Article IX § 4. Exemption of religious or educational nonprofit organizations.
- § Article IX § 5. Assessment of property of public service businesses.
- § Article IX § 6. Real and tangible personal property; limitation on general ad valorem taxes; adoption and alteration of separate tax limitations; exceptions to limitations; property tax on school district extending into 2 or more counties.
- § Article IX § 7. Income tax.
- § Article IX § 8. Sales and use taxes.
- § Article IX § 9. Use of specific taxes on fuels for transportation purposes; authorization of indebtedness and issuance of obligations.
- § Article IX § 10. Sales tax; distribution to local governments.
- § Article IX § 11. State school aid fund; source; distribution; guarantee to local school district.
- § Article IX § 12. Evidence of state indebtedness.
- § Article IX § 13. Public bodies, borrowing power.
- § Article IX § 14. State borrowing; short term.
- § Article IX § 15. Long term borrowing by state.
- § Article IX § 16. State loans to school districts.
- § Article IX § 17. Payments from state treasury.
- § Article IX § 18. State credit.
- § Article IX § 19. Subscription to or interest in stock by state prohibited; exceptions.
- § Article IX § 20. Deposit of state money in certain financial institutions; requirements.
- § Article IX § 21. Accounting for public moneys.
- § Article IX § 22. Examination and adjustment of claims against state.
- § Article IX § 23. Financial records; statement of revenues and expenditures.
- § Article IX § 24. Public pension plans and retirement systems, obligation.
- § Article IX § 25. Voter approval of increased local taxes; prohibitions; emergency conditions; repayment of bonded indebtedness guaranteed; implementation of section.
- § Article IX § 26. Limitation on taxes; revenue limit; refunding or transferring excess revenues; exceptions to revenue limitation; adjustment of state revenue and spending limits.
- § Article IX § 27. Exceeding revenue limit; conditions.
- § Article IX § 28. Limitation on expenses of state government.
- § Article IX § 29. State financing of activities or services required of local government by state law.
- § Article IX § 30. Reduction of state spending paid to units of local government.
- § Article IX § 31. Levying tax or increasing rate of existing tax; maximum tax rate on new base; increase in assessed valuation of property; exceptions to limitations.
- § Article IX § 32. Suit to enforce sections 25 to 31.
- § Article IX § 33. Definitions applicable to sections 25 to 32.
- § Article IX § 34. Implementation of sections 25 to 33.
- § Article IX § 35. Michigan natural resources trust fund.
- § Article IX § 35a. Michigan state parks endowment fund.
- § Article IX § 36. Tax on tobacco products; dedication of proceeds.
- § Article IX § 37. Michigan veterans' trust fund.
- § Article IX § 38. Michigan veterans' trust fund board of trustees; establishment.
- § Article IX § 39. Michigan veterans' trust fund board of trustees; administration of trust fund.
- § Article IX § 40. Michigan conservation and recreation legacy fund.
- § Article IX § 41. Michigan game and fish protection trust fund.
- § Article IX § 42. Michigan nongame fish and wildlife trust fund.
- § Article X § 1. Disabilities of coverture abolished; separate property of wife; dower.
- § Article X § 2. Eminent domain; compensation.
- § Article X § 3. Homestead and personalty, exemption from process.
- § Article X § 4. Escheats.
- § Article X § 5. State lands.
- § Article X § 6. Resident aliens, property rights.
- § Article XI § 1. Oath of public officers.
- § Article XI § 2. Terms of office of state and county officers.
- § Article XI § 3. Extra compensation.
- § Article XI § 4. Custodian of public moneys; eligibility to office, accounting.
- § Article XI § 5. Classified state civil service; scope; exempted positions; appointment and terms of members of state civil service commission; state personnel director; duties of commission; collective bargaining for state police troopers and sergeants; appointments, promotions, demotions, or removals; increases or reductions in compensation; creating or abolishing positions; recommending compensation for unclassified service; appropriation; reports of expenditures; annual audit; payment for personal services; violation; injunctive or mandamus proceedings.
- § Article XI § 6. Merit systems for local governments.
- § Article XI § 7. Impeachment of civil officers.
- § Article XI § 8. Convictions for certain felonies; eligibility for elective office or certain positions of public employment.
- § Article XII § 1. Amendment by legislative proposal and vote of electors.
- § Article XII § 2. Amendment by petition and vote of electors.
- § Article XII § 3. General revision of constitution; submission of question, convention delegates and meeting.
- § Article XII § 4. Severability.