California § 1198 - The execution of an instrument may be established by proof of the handwriting of
Full text of California Public Contract Code - PCC § 1198 — The execution of an instrument may be established by proof of the handwriting of, with citation guidance and answers to common questions.
§ 1198. The execution of an instrument may be established by proof of the handwriting of
The execution of an instrument may be established by proof of the handwriting of the party and of a subscribing witness, if there is one, in the following cases: 1. When the parties and all the subscribing witnesses are dead; or, 2. When the parties and all the subscribing witnesses are non-residents of the State; or, 3. When the place of their residence is unknown to the party desiring the proof, and cannot be ascertained by the exercise of due diligence; or, 4. When the subscribing witness conceals himself, or cannot be found by the officer by the exercise of due diligence in attempting to serve the subpoena or attachment; or, 5. In case of the continued failure or refusal of the witness to testify, for the space of one hour, after his appearance.
Source: official California text · Last verified 2026-08-27
Frequently Asked Questions About California § 1198
What does Public Contract Code - PCC § 1198 cover?
Section 1198 ("The execution of an instrument may be established by proof of the handwriting of") is part of the Public Contract Code - PCC, the codified statutory law of California. It sets out the legal rule or procedure described in the text above. Statutes are amended regularly, so always verify against the official source.
How do I cite California § 1198?
A common citation format is "Public Contract Code - PCC § 1198" (California). Legal writing may require the code abbreviation, section number, and year or edition. Match the style required by your court, professor, or publisher.
Is this the official text of California law?
No. This page is for research and education and may not include the most recent amendments. For official current law, check the California official source linked on this page or consult a licensed California attorney.
How does California § 1198 apply to my situation?
Statutes are interpreted in context, and application depends on your specific facts. Only a licensed attorney in California can advise on how this section applies to you. Contact your state or local bar association for a referral.
Sources & Verification
Not legal advice. Verify against the official source and consult a licensed attorney in California.